Step 1: Calculate the summary data for the differences. To determine whether or not the training program actually had an effect on max vertical jump, we will perform a paired samples t-test at significance level α = 0.05 using the following steps: Then, we may have each player use the training program for one month and then measure their max vertical jump again at the end of the month. To test this, we may recruit a simple random sample of 20 college basketball players and measure each of their max vertical jumps. Suppose we want to know whether or not a certain training program is able to increase the max vertical jump (in inches) of college basketball players. There should be no extreme outliers in the differences.The differences between the pairs should be approximately normally distributed.The participants should be selected randomly from the population.Paired Samples t-test: Assumptionsįor the results of a paired samples t-test to be valid, the following assumptions should be met: If the p-value that corresponds to the test statistic t with (n-1) degrees of freedom is less than your chosen significance level (common choices are 0.10, 0.05, and 0.01) then you can reject the null hypothesis. s: sample standard deviation of the differences.We use the following formula to calculate the test statistic t: H 1 (left-tailed): μ 1 μ 2 (population 1 mean is greater than population 2 mean).H 1 (two-tailed): μ 1 ≠ μ 2 (the two population means are not equal).The alternative hypothesis can be either two-tailed, left-tailed, or right-tailed: H 0: μ 1 = μ 2 (the two population means are equal).Paired Samples t-test: FormulaĪ paired samples t-test always uses the following null hypothesis: In both cases we are interested in comparing the mean measurement between two groups in which each observation in one sample can be paired with an observation in the other sample. the response time of a patient is measured on two different drugs. A measurement is taken under two different conditions – e.g. the max vertical jump of college basketball players is measured before and after participating in a training program.Ģ. A measurement is taken on a subject before and after some treatment – e.g. An example of how to perform a paired samples t-test.Ī paired samples t-test is commonly used in two scenarios:ġ.The assumptions that should be met to perform a paired samples t-test.The formula to perform a paired samples t-test.The motivation for performing a paired samples t-test.Protein signaling in skeletal muscle provides insight as to mechanisms for improvements in insulin sensitivity in aging and obesity.A paired samples t-test is used to compare the means of two samples when each observation in one sample can be paired with an observation in the other sample. In the total group, changes in M were associated with changes in basal total GSK-3β and basal total p70Sk as well as insulin stimulation of total p70Sk. There was a difference between WL and AEX in the insulin stimulation changes in GSK3 which increased more after WL than AEX ( p < 0.05). There were differences between WL and AEX in the change in basal Akt P/T ( p = 0.05), GSK-3β P/T ratio ( p < 0.01), p70S6k ( p < 0.001), ERK1/2 ( p = 0.01) P/T ratio but not p38, JNK, IRS-1, and IGF-1R P/T ratios. In vivo insulin stimulation increased phosphorylation/total protein ratio (P/T) of protein kinase B (Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-β3), 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6k), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and insulin receptor (IR) expression (all p < 0.05) but not P/T extracellular regulated kinase ½ (ERK1/2), c-jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38), or insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF-1R). min −1 clamp) increased in WL and AEX (both p Insulin sensitivity (hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic 80 mU WL resulted in 10% weight loss and AEX increased maximal oxygen consumption (VO 2max) (both p < 0.001). Overweight and obese men and women aged 50–70 years were randomly allocated and completed six months of either weight loss (WL) ( n = 18) or 3x/week aerobic exercise training (AEX) ( n = 17). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a six-month trial of aerobic exercise training or weight loss on signaling pathways in skeletal muscle in the basal condition and during hyperinsulinemia during a glucose clamp in middle-aged and older adults. Both exercise and weight loss are lifestyle interventions that can affect glucose metabolism. Aging and obesity contribute to insulin resistance with skeletal muscle being critically important for maintaining whole-body glucose homeostasis.
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